![]() To toughen them up even more, Spartan boys were compelled to go barefoot and seldom bathed or used ointments, so that their skin became hard and dry, Plutarch wrote. But Stephen Hodkinson, an professor emeritus of ancient history at the University of Nottingham, UK, says there are hints in other sources that they received “the standard Greek elementary education in reading, writing, numbers, song and dance.” Plutarch portrayed Spartan boys as receiving little schooling. ![]() “The rest all kept their eyes on him, obeying his orders and submitting to his punishments, so their boyish training was a practice of obedience.” “The boy who excelled in judgement and was most courageous in fighting was made captain of the company,” Plutarch wrote. At age seven, Spartan boys were turned over by their parents to the state, where they were organized into companies that lived, studied and trained together. ![]()
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